Pain

Embracing Complexity in Back Pain Management

Tim Ferriss Back Pain - My Thoughts On How He Can Heal For Good

As a longtime follower of Tim Ferriss’ work, I’ve soaked up countless insights from his books, podcasts, and experiments.

Tim’s humble curiosity and hunger to learn from experts have always struck a chord with me.

This post is my take on managing back pain, inspired by Tim’s journey, particularly his conversation with physical therapy legend Shirley Sahrmann.

First off, huge shoutout to Tim for being open and transparent about his struggles with back pain.

It’s refreshing to see someone with such influence talk about real-world issues so candidly, and it’s what motivated me to throw my hat in the ring.

So, Tim, if you happen to stumble across this blog, thanks for all the lessons over the years.

In the spirit of Susan Cain’s approach to "telling the truths people don’t talk about," this blog aims to dive into the complexities of persistent pain.

And yep, I know—once you bring up anything that isn’t pain = tissue damage, it’s easy to hit the wall of “so it’s all in my head then?”

Trust me, I’ve been there, and I get it.

This blog is not about taking anything away from the realness of pain.

Instead, it’s about shedding light on new ways of understanding it.

Hopefully, this might help you—maybe even Tim—see the bigger picture and start seeing genuine progress on your healing journey.

Ground Zero: Biological Factors Matter

Before we get into the weeds, let’s be clear: biological factors like red flags, general health issues, inflammatory arthritis, or digestive issues can play a role in back pain.

If Tim were my patient, I’d want to rule out any serious conditions first (rare but important!). Once that’s done, we can move on and look at the bigger picture with a bit more clarity.

The Biomechanical Rabbit Hole

Over the years Tim has spoken a lot about his battle with back pain.

A recent podcast episode with Shirley Sahrmann was really enlightening as the discussion was 100% focused on the potential biomechanical sources of Tim’s back pain and I can’t (respectfully) help but feel that this conversation got stuck in the 80s—a time when biomechanics dominated the physical therapy scene.

I couldn’t help but think if Shirley had simply asked Tim, “So how long have you been dealing with this pain?”, it would have opened a new conversation at a deeper level about the struggle and how Tim has tried just about everything under the sun to heal his back pain.

But in the case Shirley was the next ‘EXPERT’ (in a long line) and she was trying to solve Tim’s back pain from within the same biomedical paradigm with her own interpretation.

Don't get me wrong, biomechanics matter, but when we focus too much on structural “faults” (like posture, joint alignment or muscle imbalances), we risk creating fragility.

The nocebo effect—where we think our bodies are broken—can be a sneaky byproduct of this approach.

Tim’s struggle to find clarity reminds me of the story of, The Blind Men and the Elephant with all the ‘expert’s giving their limited view opinions.

Research credit link

In Tim's case, relying solely on biomechanics for persistent back pain can become a slippery slope.

There’s this unspoken belief that if you stretch, strengthen, or massage just the right spot, the pain will vanish.

But for persistent pain, the body’s way more complex than a squeaky wheel that needs grease.

Tim’s Journey: David vs. Goliath

Listening to Tim’s saga of conflicting diagnoses felt like watching someone go through the stages of grief.

Denial, frustration, and ultimately, acceptance.

He’s doing battle with a seemingly unbeatable Goliath—persistent pain—and like David, you don’t win by just swinging harder.

You win with a smarter strategy.

Sure, Tim’s massage tool obsession with his Quadratus Lumborum (QL) might give short-term relief, but it's like winning the battle and losing the war.

While this tool might offer short-term benefits, it risks creating a cycle of temporary improvement followed by long-term discomfort due to the inflammatory response it can trigger around the tendon-bone junction (presents around 24 hours after compression loads on the tendon/bone interface with things like heavy pressure massage and stretching).

This cycle of "winning the battle but losing the war" is a common trap in managing persistent pain.

Persistent pain isn’t solved by chasing symptoms.

It’s not just bout ‘beating’ the pain with brute force or finding the magic pill (or foam roller).

Core Strength: The Pilates Paradox (and Why It’s Not Always About More Strength)

One thing that stood out to me was Tim’s focus on core strengthening as the answer to his back pain.

And honestly, he's far from alone—many people believe that if they could just strengthen their core, everything would fall back into place.

The problem is, more strength isn’t always the answer.

Focusing too much on core exercises like Pilates can actually create muscle imbalances and tension, particularly in areas like the paraspinal muscles. This tension can exacerbate pain rather than alleviate it.

Enter Neuroscientist Bud Craig’s Homeostatic Model—a much-needed update to how we think about pain.

Unlike the biomechanical model that tends to zero in on tissue damage or faulty movement as the cause of pain, Craig's model introduces a more nuanced understanding of persistent pain—one that ties into the body’s homeostasis, or balance, system.

Homeostasis is your body's constant effort to maintain internal balance—think temperature regulation, hydration, blood pressure, blood glucose and inflammation etc.

Pain is part of this system; it’s not just a signal that something is broken or needs fixing.

It’s more like your body’s smoke alarm, warning you of potential threats to balance, not necessarily actual structural damage.

When you experience persistent pain, your body is often trying to communicate homeostatic imbalance rather than injury.

And this is crucial to understand, especially for those stuck in the cycle of flare-ups and frustration.

Pain Flare-Ups: Not a Sign of Failure, but a Sign of Dysregulation

When someone with persistent pain, like Tim, goes through a flare-up, the common assumption is, “Oh no, I’ve made it worse” or “There’s more damage happening.”

But that’s the old, outdated way of looking at pain.

What Bud Craig’s model offers is a fresh perspective that can calm that spiraling thought process of fear and self-blame.

Instead of assuming that a flare-up means further injury, the homeostatic model suggests the body is simply going through a temporary state of dysregulation.

Think of it like this: when your core temperature rises during a fever, your body isn’t falling apart—it’s simply responding to a threat (like an infection).

Similarly, a pain flare-up isn’t necessarily a sign that you’ve wrecked your back again.

It could mean your body is out of balance—maybe stress, poor sleep, or even overdoing an exercise—but not damaged.

Your body is amplifying the pain signal as part of a broader system that’s trying to protect you.

Fear and the Amplification of Suffering

Here’s where things get sticky: when we believe that pain = damage, flare-ups lead us down the rabbit hole of fear, rumination, and catastrophizing.

“Did I hurt myself again?”

“What if this pain never goes away?”

This amplifies the suffering experience, making the pain feel more intense and more threatening than it actually is.

Bud Craig’s model helps break this vicious cycle by giving us a better explanation for why pain flares up without needing to default to the assumption that “something broke.”

Instead of seeing the flare-up as a personal failure or as more physical damage, we can see it as part of the body’s attempt to maintain or regain balance.

This shift in understanding takes away some of the fear that exacerbates the pain experience.

Moving Forward with a New Framework

Understanding that pain is part of a broader system working to protect and balance the body allows for a more empowered approach to healing.

Rather than frantically searching for the next quick fix or perfect core exercise, we can start looking at pain through the lens of homeostasis.

By addressing the underlying factors—whether it’s stress, inflammation, or even emotional states—we can help our bodies regain balance and move towards long-term relief.

It also helps us make peace with the idea that flare-ups will happen, but they don’t have to trigger panic.

They aren’t necessarily signs of worsening injury; they’re opportunities to reflect on what might be tipping your body out of balance.

Did you push too hard in your workout? Did you miss out on sleep or skip meals? Were you sitting in poor posture for hours?

Understanding these factors can not only help you manage flare-ups more effectively but also prevent them in the future.

So, next time the pain kicks up, remember: it’s not necessarily a failure or proof of more damage. It's your body signaling a need for balance, not another round of strengthening exercises.

Learn more about Bud Craig’s pain model here

The Mental Game: “Is This the New Normal?”

Tim’s candidness about fearing a life of chronic pain was raw and relatable.

When he said, “Fuck, is this the new normal?” I felt that.

Chronic pain is not just a physical battle—it’s a mental one too.

Fear of the unknown, fear of making it worse, and the mental load of trying so hard to fix yourself… it’s draining.

And unfortunately, obsessing over pain and searching for solutions can become part of the problem.

Here’s the paradox: the harder we try to "get rid" of the pain, the more we signal danger to our bodies.

And like Tim’s experience with OCD, preoccupation can amplify that pain, turning it into an even bigger monster.

John Sarno & Alan Gordon: Healing Beyond the Physical

Tim mentioned John Sarno and his theory that unresolved emotions, like anger, play a role in chronic pain.

While Sarno’s views can be extreme, there’s truth in recognizing the emotional and psychological layers of pain.

Similarly, Alan Gordon’s work on how fear can amplify pain is powerful. Gordon’s approach of somatic tracking—a bit like tuning a guitar—helps people reinterpret their pain sensations.

Instead of fighting the body, it teaches us to feel the pain differently and reduce its grip.

Alan Gordon’s Research: Pain Reprocessing Therapy and the Power of Somatic Tracking

When it comes to chronic pain, especially persistent back pain like Tim Ferriss has experienced, it’s easy to get caught in a never-ending loop of fear and frustration.

The brain interprets pain as a sign that something is wrong—a threat.

This response kicks off a cascade of reactions that can amplify the pain and make it stick around long after any original injury or damage has healed. Enter Alan Gordon and his game-changing work on Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT).

PRT is based on the understanding that chronic pain often stems from neural pathways in the brain rather than ongoing tissue damage.

In other words, persistent pain isn't always the result of something physically wrong in the body but can be caused by the brain mistakenly treating normal bodily homeostatic signals as if they were dangerous.

By helping patients retrain their brains to view these signals as safe, rather than threatening, PRT has shown impressive results in reducing chronic pain.

A key technique in this therapy is something called somatic tracking—a simple yet powerful method that can fundamentally shift how we interpret and respond to pain.

The Pain-Fear Cycle: Why the Brain Amplifies Pain

Before diving into somatic tracking, it’s important to understand the vicious cycle that so many people with chronic pain, like Tim, get caught in.

Pain is a danger signal sent by the body to alert us of potential danger, but when we experience that pain over and over—without an obvious injury or problem—it can trigger fear.

That fear, in turn, tells the brain, “Hey, this pain must be something serious. We should pay more attention to it.”

The brain, acting like an overly cautious guard dog, starts to amplify the homeostatic signals, increasing the sensitivity of the nervous system to even minor homeostatic imbalances.

This pain-fear-pain cycle can quickly spiral, making the pain feel worse and more overwhelming.

It’s easy to see why this can lead to frustration, rumination, and a constant search for a fix.

But the more we search, the more hyper-focused we become on the pain, sending the brain even stronger signals that something is wrong.

It's like trying to get rid of a fly by swatting at it repeatedly—you just end up making it more agitated.

Reframing Pain as Safety: The Role of Somatic Tracking

Somatic tracking, one of the key techniques in Alan Gordon’s PRT, is a method for breaking this cycle.

At its core, somatic tracking helps people observe their pain sensations with a sense of safety and curiosity rather than fear and dread.

By doing so, it reprograms the brain to interpret these sensations as non-threatening.

Here’s how it works: instead of panicking or becoming hyper-focused when you feel a twinge of pain, somatic tracking invites you to tune into the sensation with a more relaxed, neutral, even curious mindset.

You acknowledge the sensation without judgment or fear.

Rather than thinking, "Oh no, my back is flaring up again, something must be wrong," you tell yourself, "This is just a sensation. My body is safe, and this pain doesn’t mean there’s damage."

This simple reframing helps shift the brain’s interpretation of the pain signal from danger to safety.

And once the brain realizes that these signals aren’t a threat, it begins to quiet the alarm system, dialing down the intensity of the pain.

Why Somatic Tracking Works: Rewiring the Brain’s Response

Somatic tracking taps into the concept of neuroplasticity, which is the brain’s ability to rewire itself.

Chronic pain often exists not because of ongoing injury, but because the brain has developed pathways that keep firing pain signals.

By using somatic tracking, you are essentially reprogramming those pathways.

Over time, the more you practice somatic tracking, the more the brain starts to believe, “Hey, maybe this pain isn’t as dangerous as we thought.”

The neural circuits responsible for amplifying pain begin to weaken, and the pain starts to subside. It’s not a quick fix—rewiring takes time—but for many, it’s a long-term solution that helps reduce the intensity and frequency of pain without invasive treatments or medications.

How to Practice Somatic Tracking

Somatic tracking is surprisingly simple, but it does take practice. Here’s a basic step-by-step approach:

  1. Acknowledge the Pain: When you feel pain, instead of immediately reacting with fear or frustration, pause and recognize the sensation. Name it: “I’m feeling some tension in my lower back.”

  2. Reframe the Sensation: Remind yourself that this sensation isn’t a sign of damage or danger. It’s just your body sending signals, and your brain has been interpreting these signals in a heightened way. Say to yourself, “This is just a sensation. It’s uncomfortable, but it’s not dangerous.”

  3. Tune Into It with Curiosity: Instead of avoiding the sensation or trying to push it away, gently focus on it with curiosity. Notice how the sensation changes—does it stay the same, or does it shift? How intense is it, and where exactly is it located? By approaching it with curiosity, you’re telling your brain that it doesn’t need to go on high alert.

  4. Pair It with Relaxation: As you observe the pain, take slow, deep breaths. This helps reinforce the message that you are safe and that there is no need for your body to react with fear or stress. This combination of observation and relaxation is key to retraining your brain’s response to pain.

  5. Stay Present: Try not to judge the pain or think about what it means for the future. Avoid the catastrophizing thoughts that might creep in. Stay focused on the present moment and the sensation in your body, reminding yourself that it’s just that—a sensation.

Somatic Tracking in Action: A Real Example

Imagine Tim, mid-back flare-up, frustrated and worried that he’s done something to make his pain worse.

Instead of rushing to stretch, foam roll, or reach for a quick fix, he tries somatic tracking.

He acknowledges the pain but doesn’t catastrophize it. He breathes slowly, focuses on the sensation, and instead of seeing it as a sign that he’s damaged something, he tells himself, “This pain doesn’t mean harm. It’s just my body being a bit too cautious.”

Over time, with repeated practice, Tim’s brain begins to dial down the pain alarm.

The brain stops treating normal sensations as dangerous, and flare-ups become less intense and less frequent.

From Threat to Safety: Why Somatic Tracking is a Game Changer

Somatic tracking is such a powerful tool because it directly addresses the fear-pain loop that keeps chronic pain alive.

By teaching the brain to feel safe in the presence of pain, it reduces the fear and stress that amplify suffering. Instead of reacting to every flare-up with panic and trying to "fix" it, somatic tracking allows you to sit with the sensation, knowing it will pass.

For people like Tim—and anyone dealing with persistent pain—this shift from threat to safety can be life-changing.

It’s not about ignoring the pain or pretending it’s not there, but about learning to respond to it in a way that doesn’t fuel the fire.

By reframing pain as a harmless sensation, the body can start to heal, and the brain can stop overreacting to every twinge.

So, if you find yourself stuck in the cycle of fear and pain, give somatic tracking a try. It’s a simple, accessible way to turn down the volume on your pain and take back control.

Embracing the Bigger Picture: Mushrooms, Fasting, and Holistic Healing

In a recent podcast, Tim talked about his journey to South America, involving mushrooms, water fasting, and emotional release as part of his healing.

And look, as wild as it sounds, this mulit-dimensional approach highlights something important: persistent pain is about the whole person, not just the muscles or joints.

Emotional, psychological, and even lifestyle factors play a huge role.

We can’t just laser-focus on the physical stuff and hope for lasting relief.


Here are three inspiring messages from guests on Tim Ferriss' podcast:

Jerry Seinfeld: Embracing Self-Reliance and the Illusion of the Expert

Jerry Seinfeld dropped a gem during his appearance on the podcast: “The fact that you’ve even signed up for this class is a very bad sign for what you’re trying to do. The fact that you think anyone can help you or there’s anything you need to learn, you have gone off on a bad track because no one knows anything about any of this.”

While blunt, Jerry’s message resonates in the context of persistent pain management.

His point challenges the illusion that external "experts" hold the key to solving your problems.

In the world of pain management, this idea can be incredibly freeing.

Instead of relying on external fixes or gurus, Jerry’s insight encourages people to become their own experts—learning about their own bodies, pain patterns, and what strategies truly work for them.

This advice is particularly empowering for anyone dealing with persistent pain.

It reminds you that while external knowledge can guide you, the ultimate power to heal and understand your body comes from within.

Jane McGonigal: Urgent Optimism for Pain Flare-Ups

Jane McGonigal’s concept of urgent optimism is a game-changer for managing persistent pain. She emphasizes the importance of preparing for and accepting the inevitability of setbacks or flare-ups, but with a proactive mindset.

In McGonigal's words, this isn't about being pessimistic; it’s about being realistic and taking control of the situation.

Expecting a pain flare-up to occur—and having a game plan in place for when it does—removes the element of surprise and reduces the fear associated with it.

Her message encourages us to adopt a stance of readiness and action, shifting the narrative from one of helplessness to empowerment.

McGonigal’s urgent optimism highlights that, despite pain flare-ups, you have the tools to influence the outcome positively.

You can prepare, adapt, and respond in ways that lessen both the frequency and severity of these episodes.

Naval Ravikant: Strength in Struggle

Naval Ravikant brings a powerful perspective to the table with his statement:

“You are strong only where you were broken.”

This quote speaks to the heart of resilience and growth through adversity.

For those dealing with persistent pain, it’s a reminder that every setback, every struggle, and every moment of pain is not just an obstacle but an opportunity to develop strength and deeper understanding.

Naval’s message reframes pain as not just something to overcome, but something that shapes you into a stronger, more resilient version of yourself.

It encourages you to see pain not as an enemy, but as a teacher guiding you towards greater self-awareness and genuine healing.

Conclusion: What Would It Look Like If It Were Easy?

If managing persistent back pain were easy, it would look like a simple, balanced approach that avoids overcomplicating the healing process.

It wouldn’t involve chasing quick fixes or getting stuck in cycles of fear and over-correction.

Instead, you’d focus on gentle movement, healthy breathing, and mindful strategies like somatic tracking to reframe your relationship with pain.

The goal is to create a holistic lifestyle that balances physical, emotional, and mental health—where back pain is managed in a sustainable way, without obsessing over perfect techniques or endless fixes.

This approach fosters resilience, allowing you to trust your body and reduce the constant rumination that can come with chronic pain.

In short, the path to managing back pain would be easy if it integrated relaxation, awareness, and gentle care—turning pain from a battle into a process of balance and healing.

Wrapping Up

Tim’s journey with back pain mirrors what so many of us go through.

It’s messy, it’s frustrating, and it’s certainly not fixed by stretching your way out of it.

The key takeaway?

Persistent pain is a multi-dimensional challenge that demands a multi-dimensional approach.

You don’t just need more strength—you need a strategy.

And sometimes, the best strategy is zooming out and rethinking what you’ve been doing all along.

Got thoughts?

Drop a comment below—good, bad, or ugly, I’m all ears.

Cheers, Dan O'Grady Adelaide, Australia

Hunger and Pain

Pain and Hunger: Why Sensory Pathways Matter

Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) has gained popularity in recent years, with proponents arguing that pain is more about brain signals and emotions than about sensory input from the body.

Drawing from philosophies like the "pain neuromatrix" developed by Ronald Melzack, PNE advocates claim that pain is entirely a brain-generated experience, influenced by our thoughts, beliefs, and emotions.

But what if we compared pain to another fundamental experience that most of us understand well: hunger?

In this post, we’ll use hunger to challenge PNE’s neurocentric view and explain why sensory pathways from the body are essential for pain perception.

Hunger and Pain: Parallel Experiences

Both hunger and pain are essential survival signals based on homeostasis becoming disturbed.

Hunger motivates us to eat, while pain drives us to protect our bodies from injury.

Both sensations involve a complex interaction between brain signals and bodily inputs.

However, just as you cannot experience hunger without input from your body, you cannot truly experience pain without the sensory pathways that relay signals from the affected area.

How Hunger Works: A Brain-Body Partnership

Hunger is not just "in the mind."

It’s a perfect example of interoception—the way our brain interprets internal body signals.

When you’re hungry, your brain is responding to several cues from the body:

  • The stomach stretches or contracts, sending signals via the vagus nerve to the brainstem.

  • Hormones like ghrelin are released, which signal hunger to the hypothalamus.

  • The body’s energy status is monitored, and when glucose levels are low, signals are sent to urge us to eat.

While emotions or habits can influence hunger (like seeing food commercials), the physical sensation of hunger still depends on these signals from the body.

The brain alone cannot generate the feeling of hunger without these sensory inputs.

Pain Needs Sensory Pathways, Just Like Hunger

Pain works similarly to hunger.

It’s a multi-dimensional experience, combining sensory input with cognitive and emotional components.

However, sensory pathways from the body are crucial for the brain to create the pain experience.

Just as the brain responds to signals from the stomach to generate hunger, it also relies on sensory signals from the affected tissue to generate pain.

Here’s why sensory input is critical in pain:

  1. Nociceptors (homeostatic sensory receptors) in the skin, muscles, or joints detect potential damage (heat, pressure, inflammation) and send signals through the spinal cord to the brain.

  2. The brain integrates these signals with emotional and cognitive factors, like fear or anxiety, but without the original sensory input, the pain experience wouldn’t happen.

  3. In cases like phantom limb pain, while the brain can generate a pain experience in the absence of a limb, it’s often because the brain’s neural map still includes sensory memories from that missing limb. This phenomenon shows how pain requires a connection to past or present bodily sensations.

PNE's Neurocentric View: Where It Falls Short

PNE proponents argue that pain can exist without any sensory input from the body, relying heavily on the neurocentric "pain neuromatrix" theory.

According to this model, the brain constructs pain purely from a mix of emotions, past experiences, beliefs, and sensory inputs—sometimes even in the absence of any injury.

While it's true that pain is influenced by these factors, PNE oversimplifies by suggesting that pain is predominantly a "brain-made" problem.

This model is helpful for understanding some aspects of chronic pain, but it’s dangerously incomplete.

It implies that pain can exist without any ongoing input from the body, which is misleading and can lead to overemphasis on cognitive strategies (like reframing thoughts or beliefs) while ignoring the sensory pathways that play a fundamental role in pain perception.

Why Sensory Pathways Matter in Pain

Let’s return to the hunger analogy.

Imagine if you were told that hunger is just an emotion, purely generated by the brain, without any connection to your body’s energy needs.

You might be able to delay hunger temporarily through distraction, but ultimately, your body’s signals would push back, demanding attention.

The same is true for pain: while thoughts, emotions, and beliefs can influence pain, the underlying sensory inputs cannot be ignored.

  1. Misleading patients: The PNE approach often suggests that pain can be "thought away" by changing beliefs or reframing the way patients think about pain. While these strategies can help, they neglect the reality that pain still needs sensory input from the body to fully exist. Ignoring the sensory aspect risks alienating patients who feel that their pain is being dismissed or minimized as "an output of the brain."

  2. Manual interventions: Techniques like manual therapy, dry needling, or exercise affect the sensory pathways and are vital in managing pain. These are often overlooked by PNE advocates who favor cognitive strategies over hands-on treatment.

Moving Toward a More Balanced Understanding of Pain

The brain and body are in constant communication, and both are essential in understanding pain.

Sensory pathways from the body provide the brain with crucial information that influences how pain is experienced, just as signals from the stomach influence how hunger is perceived.

Dismissing these pathways in favor of a purely brain-centric model like the "pain neuromatrix" oversimplifies the complexity of pain.

Conclusion: We Need Both Brain and Body in Pain Management

Incorporating sensory pathways into pain education helps create a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of pain.

Instead of focusing solely on the brain's role in generating pain, we should recognize the critical role that body signals play, just like in hunger.

Cognitive strategies and emotional regulation are essential, but they must be balanced with respect for the sensory input that drives much of the pain experience.

Pain isn't just in your head—it’s in your body too.

For effective pain management, we need to move beyond the neurocentric models and embrace a more balanced, whole-body approach.

Phantom Limb Pain: Refuting the PNE Neuromatrix Trap

One of the most seductive arguments Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) proponents make is the use of phantom limb pain to support their brain-centric neuromatrix model of pain.

According to this view, pain is constructed entirely by the brain, drawing from memories, emotions, and beliefs, and therefore, they argue that even when a limb is missing, the brain can "create" pain.

It’s an alluring idea: if you can feel pain in a limb that no longer exists, then clearly, the pain must be "all in the brain," right?

Wrong.

This oversimplified interpretation leaves out critical aspects of how pain really works.

While it’s true that the brain plays a role in pain perception, phantom limb pain doesn’t necessarily mean that pain is purely a brain-made phenomenon.

In fact, we can better understand phantom limb pain by looking at how referred pain works, which reveals how the brain misinterprets signals coming from other parts of the body.

Let's explore why falling into the trap of the neuromatrix model leads to a skewed understanding of pain—and how the concept of referred pain offers a more grounded explanation.

Referred Pain: A More Balanced Explanation

Phantom limb pain can be better understood through the well-known phenomenon of referred pain.

Referred pain occurs when pain is felt in a different area of the body than the one actually causing the disruption.

A classic example is heart attack pain that is felt in the arm or jaw, despite the issue being in the heart. Here’s how it works:

  1. Disrupted Homeostasis: Referred pain occurs when something disrupts homeostasis in one part of the body (like an organ or muscle) but the brain mistakenly interprets the signals as coming from a different location. For example, muscles can directly refer pain to other areas—trigger points in the shoulder can cause pain in the arm or hand.

  2. Sensory Confusion: The nervous system is complex, and the brain sometimes misinterprets signals, getting the location wrong. Just because you feel pain in your arm during a heart attack doesn’t mean the pain is purely emotional or brain-generated. The pain is still real, even if the brain misreads the location.

In phantom limb pain, this same mechanism could explain why the brain continues to feel pain in a missing limb.

The neural pathways that used to represent that limb are still active, and the brain gets confused by lingering signals from the body or even from nearby muscles and tissues that are still sending sensory input.

Why Phantom Limb Pain Doesn’t Prove Pain is "All in the Brain"

PNE pundits use phantom limb pain as a case to convince you that pain exists entirely in your mind, an argument that can lead to cognitive dissonance.

They try to show you that if the brain can "create" pain where no limb exists, then all pain must be brain-generated.

This is a slippery slope, and while it may sound plausible, it’s not the full picture.

Here’s why:

  1. Misinterpretation of Signals: Just because the brain is involved in the interpretation of pain doesn’t mean pain is purely in the brain. The brain relies on signals from the body—whether they’re coming from an intact limb or the surrounding tissue that used to connect to a now-missing limb. The brain is simply misinterpreting the source of the pain, as it often does with referred pain.

  2. Referred Pain Patterns: Many pain patterns are well-documented and follow predictable referral routes. If we can accept that the brain sometimes gets these signals wrong (as in heart attack pain referred to the arm), we can also accept that the brain might feel pain in a missing limb because it's mistakenly interpreting signals from surrounding tissues or nerves.

  3. Not "All in the Brain": Referred pain proves that even when pain is felt in one area, the root cause lies elsewhere. PNE proponents like to point to brain imaging studies showing activity in the brain during phantom limb pain, but this only shows that the brain is part of the process—it doesn’t mean the brain is the sole cause of pain. The pain is a result of misinterpreted sensory signals, not purely emotional or cognitive constructs.

Don’t Fall for the Trap: The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in PNE

PNE pundits often push the idea that if you accept phantom limb pain as brain-generated, you must accept that all pain is brain-generated.

This tactic creates cognitive dissonance—a psychological state where you hold two contradictory beliefs at once. PNE advocates hope this dissonance will force you to see pain through their lens.

But here’s the problem: just because the brain can misinterpret pain signals doesn’t mean the pain is imaginary or only in the brain.

The PNE model oversimplifies pain by focusing too much on emotions, thoughts, and beliefs, while ignoring the critical role of body-based sensory pathways.

Just like referred pain, phantom limb pain shows that pain is complex and multi-dimensional—it involves both the brain and the body.

Conclusion: A More Comprehensive View of Pain

Phantom limb pain may seem like the perfect example to prove the PNE model, but when we dig deeper, it’s clear that it doesn’t tell the full story.

Like referred pain, phantom limb pain highlights how the brain sometimes misinterprets signals from the body—it doesn’t prove that pain is "all in the brain."

By understanding referred pain patterns and recognizing the importance of sensory input, we can see that the brain is not the sole creator of pain.

Pain is a complex experience that involves miscommunication between body and brain, not just emotional or cognitive constructs.

So next time someone tells you phantom limb pain proves pain is "an output of the brain," remember: the brain might misinterpret the signals, but that doesn’t mean the body isn’t involved.

Let’s not fall for the trap.

Instead, let’s embrace a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of pain, one that recognizes the critical role of sensory pathways in shaping our experience.

References:

Erlenwein J, Diers M, Ernst J, Schulz F, Petzke F. Clinical updates on phantom limb pain. Pain Rep. 2021 Jan 15;6(1):e888. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000888. PMID: 33490849; PMCID: PMC7813551.

Ilfeld BM, Khatibi B, Maheshwari K, Madison SJ, Esa WAS, Mariano ER, Kent ML, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Eisenach JC, Cohen SP, Mascha EJ, Ma C, Padwal JA, Turan A; PAINfRE Investigators. Ambulatory continuous peripheral nerve blocks to treat postamputation phantom limb pain: a multicenter, randomized, quadruple-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain. 2021 Mar 1;162(3):938-955. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002087. PMID: 33021563; PMCID: PMC7920494.

Amoruso E, Terhune DB, Kromm M, Kirker S, Muret D, Makin TR. Reassessing referral of touch following peripheral deafferentation: The role of contextual bias. Cortex. 2023 Oct;167:167-177. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.019. Epub 2023 Jul 13. PMID: 37567052; PMCID: PMC11139647

Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P. Referred muscle pain: basic and clinical findings. Clin J Pain. 2001 Mar;17(1):11-9. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200103000-00003. PMID: 11289083.

Managing Neck, Back Pain, and Headaches with the Guitar Framework

What Would It Look Like If It Were Easy? Managing Neck, Back Pain, and Headaches with the Guitar Framework

Let’s face it.

Persistent neck, back pain, and headaches can make you feel like you’re starring in your own personal reality TV show: Pain Island.

Every day is a quest for survival, navigating the perils of flare-ups, discomfort, and endless expert opinions on what you should do to fix it.

"Stretch more!" they say. "Strengthen those muscles!" another expert shouts.

Before you know it, you’ve tried everything short of strapping yourself into a medieval torture device to stretch yourself out.

But what if, instead of doing more, the solution was about making things easier?

Cue Tim Ferriss’ golden question: “What would it look like if it were easy?”

You’re not broken; you’re just a little out of tune.

And just like a guitar that’s been knocked around one too many times, you don’t need to be rebuilt from scratch.

You just need to re-tune your strings.

Welcome to the Guitar Framework: a beautifully simple, dare I say, luxurious approach to persistent pain.

(And before you start thinking “luxury = expensive,” let’s clear that up right now: The luxury I’m advocating has nothing to do with money. It’s a state of mind, and it’s free.)

What Is the Guitar Framework?

Picture your body as a guitar.

You’ve got six strings, each one representing a modifiable aspect of your health.

When these strings are in tune, life is easy—even luxurious.

When they’re out of tune, life becomes complicated, painful, and, well, kind of like listening to a middle school garage band for hours on end.

But what if getting those strings back in tune wasn’t as hard as you think?

❌ What if more effort wasn’t the answer?

❌ What if more expert opinions wasn’t the answer?

❌ What if more money wasn’t the answer?

❌ What if more stretching wasn’t the answer?

What if it were, dare I say, easy?

The Science Behind It: Pain as a Homeostatic Emotion

The Guitar Framework is based on modern science, particularly Bud Craig's work on pain as a homeostatic emotion.

Just as emotions help us navigate social situations, pain helps us navigate our physical state, signaling when something is out of balance.

Instead of seeing pain as a sign of damage, the Guitar Framework views it as a homeostatic signal—a prompt to adjust your strings and restore balance.

You can read more about Bud Craig’s revolutionary work here

The Easy Path vs. The Hard Way

It’s tempting to think the solution to your pain is complex and hard.

That you have to try harder, do more, and follow every expert’s advice to the letter.

But what if the path to healing wasn’t about fighting or struggling?

Jean Cocteau said it best:

“You have comfort. You don’t have luxury. And don’t tell me that money plays a part. The luxury I advocate has nothing to do with money. It cannot be bought. It is the reward of those who have no fear of discomfort.”

The luxury here isn’t in paying for more treatments or pushing through more pain.

The luxury is developing the skill of knowing how to tune your strings and managing your body with ease.

That’s the kind of luxury that makes life a little bit easier, pain a little bit quieter, and stress a little less overwhelming.

So next time you feel that neck pain or headache creeping in, ask yourself: What would it look like if this were easy?

The answer might just surprise you.

Ready to Tune Your Strings?

If you're tired of pain controlling your life and you want to explore a simple, actionable approach to relief, take our free Tune-In Archetype™ quiz.

Find out which of YOUR strings is out of tune and which stress pattern is guiding your response to life’s pressures.

Hi, I’m Daniel O’Grady, a physiotherapist and coach, and I’m here to guide you—not fix you. The Guitar Framework isn’t about quick fixes or endless treatments. It’s about helping you tune your strings, regain control, and move toward your North Star functional goal.

We currently have limited spots available for those ready to take the next step. If you're an early adopter, you have nothing to lose—just an easier, more tuned life to gain.

Email me directly at dan@kinfolkwellness.com.au with a subject line of STARTNOW to join the waitlist today!

Top 3 Long-Term Benefits of Understanding Your Tune-In Archetype™ for Persistent Neck, Back Pain, and Headaches

  1. Break the Pain-Fear Cycle: Each of the 9 stress reactivity patterns in the context of persistent neck, back pain, and headaches has blind spots that unintentionally make pain worse. By identifying yours, you can stop fueling the pain-fear amplifier and regain control.

  2. Personalized Pain Relief: These stress patterns make you good at certain things in life but can be your Achilles' heel when managing persistent pain. You’ll know exactly what works for your body and mind, helping you make smarter, quicker decisions to reduce pain and prevent flare-ups.

  3. Proactive Healing: Learn to tune into early signals from your body and take small, easy steps to prevent pain from escalating—leading to long-term relief without constant external treatments.

I will personally guide you through a simple, effortless approach.

First, we need to take a courageous step through the complexity—it might seem daunting, but with the Guitar Framework, we’ll guide your decision-making and help you tap into your internal power.

If you’re tired of winning the battle but losing the war, take the free Tune-In Archetype™ quiz and discover how your stress pattern can unlock lasting relief from persistent neck, back pain, and headaches.

We currently have limited spots available for those ready to take the next step.

If you're an early adopter and are curious, you have nothing to lose—just an easier, more tuned life to gain.

Email me directly at dan@kinfolkwellness.com.au with a subject line of STARTNOW to take the FREE Tune-In Archetype™ quiz.

Is It Time for a New Pain Model?

Is It Time for a New Pain Model?

In the early 2000s, pain neuroscience education (PNE) emerged as a revolutionary approach to understanding pain, spearheaded by prominent figures like Lorimer Mosley and David Butler.

Their work shifted the conversation away from a purely structural perspective and introduced the world to the concept that pain is not solely a result of tissue damage, but also a brain-driven phenomenon.

For some in the rehab profession, this helped us move beyond simplistic reductionist narratives (some other practitioners continued the narrative - see below).

How many overly simplistic nocebic inducing narratives could you fit in one physiotherapy session?

This was an exciting revelation at the time, and it gave clinicians and patients alike a new way to explain chronic pain.

However, as the years have passed, it’s become increasingly clear that PNE, while groundbreaking, may not have fully lived up to its promise.

Many have “drunk the Kool-Aid,” so to speak, fully subscribing to the PNE narrative without recognizing its limitations.

As a result, it may be time for a new explanatory model—one that embraces both the brain and the body in a more profound and grounded way.

Enter Bud Craig’s homeostatic model.

The Cognitive Focus of PNE: A Double-Edged Sword

Butler and Mosley’s PNE revolution gave us the gift of understanding the brain's role in pain perception.

It showed that pain is a complex experience that involves more than just signals from the body—our thoughts, beliefs, and prior experiences shape how we experience pain.

This has led to cognitive-based interventions aimed at reshaping our understanding of pain, helping patients reframe their pain experience and reduce fear.

But this approach has its downsides.

The heavy focus on cognition—the idea that it’s all in the brain—can stigmatize patients, making them feel like their brain is "broken" or diseased.

Just today I heard on the Curable podcast (link here - 38 min mark) Sophie Hawley-Weld discuss her negative experience with PNE as a stand alone approach - “It made me feel crazy, because I did ALL the things!”

Lisa Feldman Barrett points out in her book How Emotions Are Made:

“Scientists now consider chronic pain to be a brain disease with its roots in inflammation.”

Therapists, too, can get stuck in this model, sometimes doubling down when their approach doesn’t yield results, leading to frustration and cognitive dissonance on both sides.

While PNE has helped many, its reductionist trap—the idea that pain is purely a cognitive or brain-based experience—can leave patients feeling confused, alienated, and in some cases, harmed.

The Quiet Work of Bud Craig: A Model Ready for Its Time

While PNE experts have been front and center, promoting their work as being of the highest evidence-based standard, Bud Craig has worked quietly and diligently in his lab for over two decades.

Without any fanfare or jumping to premature conclusions, Craig has steadily built his homeostatic model of pain, focusing on understanding how the brain and body interact to maintain balance. His approach has been one of careful observation and deep research, avoiding the sensationalism that often accompanies new theories.

Unlike the self-promotion that has often characterized the PNE movement, Craig’s work has been humble yet profound.

While PNE experts have confidently marketed their approach and, at times, looked down on therapists who use what they consider to be outdated modalities, Craig has taken a more measured, thoughtful path.

This divide between the PNE camp and other healthcare professionals has created divisions within the profession that threaten to tear it apart. As the PNE model gained traction, those who embraced different methods, even those rooted in manual therapy or movement-based approaches, have often been labeled as being behind the times or lacking evidence.

This division is unhealthy.

When experts adopt a fixed stance, particularly when that stance dominates the conversation, it can prevent the evolution of new ideas.

The rigid adherence to the neuromatrix theory has made it difficult for PNE proponents to integrate other valuable insights, particularly those that focus on the body’s physiological processes.

Bud Craig’s Homeostatic Model: A More Balanced Approach

This is where Bud Craig’s homeostatic model offers a refreshing alternative.

Craig’s model doesn’t disregard the brain’s role, but it brings the body back into the equation in a more meaningful way. His model focuses on interoception—the way the brain perceives signals from inside the body—and homeostasis, or the body's ability to maintain internal balance.

Craig suggests that pain emerges from the brain's interpretation of signals related to disruptions in homeostasis.

In other words, pain is a result of the body trying to maintain balance, involving not just cognitive processes but also metabolic health, the immune system, and the autonomic nervous system.

This multi-dimensional approach goes beyond the brain to include a broader understanding of the body's physiological state.

Why PNE Has Reached Its Limits

The current PNE model, with its strong focus on the brain, misses out on these broader dimensions. While it’s been helpful for some, it has also led to iatrogenic harm—the unintended negative consequences of treatment.

Patients who don’t respond to PNE can feel as though their brain is at fault, or that they’re failing to think positively enough to overcome their pain. This can lead to a sense of disempowerment, where patients feel like they’re not in control of their own healing.

On the flip side, therapists who are deeply invested in the neuromatrix theory of pain, popularized by PNE, can become stuck in their thinking.

They may struggle to embrace newer models like Craig’s, falling into expert bias and resisting change due to their commitment to a theory that no longer fully explains the complexity of pain.

Big organizations or thought leaders who have built their careers on the neuromatrix theory may find it difficult to pivot, even when emerging evidence suggests a new direction is needed.

The Risk of Reductionism

When we boil down pain to a purely cognitive process, we risk oversimplifying a very complex experience.

Pain is not just in the mind, and it’s not just in the body—it’s an emergent experience that arises from the brain’s interpretation of the body’s internal state.

PNE’s reductionist approach may have been a necessary stepping stone, but it’s clear now that it’s not enough.

We need a model that honors the complexity of pain—one that integrates the brain, body, and emotions.

A New Paradigm for Pain: Bud Craig’s Homeostatic Model

Bud Craig’s homeostatic model offers the kind of paradigm shift that the pain world desperately needs.

His model moves beyond the brain-centric view of pain and looks at how pain is a signal of the body’s struggle to maintain balance.

It integrates brain and body, cognition and physiology, offering a more multi-dimensional and empowering view of pain.

This model suggests that pain is not just about faulty neural circuits or maladaptive thoughts but is a multi-dimensional signal that can arise from metabolic imbalance, poor immune function, or disruptions in the autonomic nervous system.

In this way, it respects the body's role in pain, and it offers patients a more empowering framework for understanding their pain and healing.

Instead of being told that their brain is “the problem,” patients can see how their body and brain work together to maintain balance.

Time for a New Direction

As with any scientific revolution, there comes a time when we must move forward. Karl Popper’s philosophy reminds us that science should be open to change, that we must always be ready to discard old theories when new evidence challenges them.

The PNE revolution, while groundbreaking, may now need to give way to a more nuanced, integrative approach. The homeostatic model offers a new direction—one that respects the brain’s role but also fully embraces the body’s physiological contributions to pain.

It’s time for a new pain model—one that’s more grounded in science, one that empowers patients rather than stigmatizing them, and one that helps therapists and patients alike see the bigger picture.

The time for Bud Craig’s homeostatic model has come.

Final Thoughts:

We owe a debt of gratitude to Butler, Mosley, and the pioneers of PNE for opening the door to a new understanding of pain.

But now, we have the opportunity to take the next step. By embracing the homeostatic model, we can help patients reclaim their power, and in doing so, move away from the reductionist trap that has limited our approach to pain for too long.

Let's bridge the divisions in the profession and build a new, unified path forward—one that honors both the brain and the body.